Thursday, October 31, 2019

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism Research Paper

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism - Research Paper Example digital crime and terrorism large number of analysis and data collection is being done all over the world to minimize the digital terror (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). People are finding new ways to stay protected from such crimes which are unethical. The eight forecasts that can help stop these crimes are as follows: As the number of cyber-crimes increases, the number of reports will also increase drastically. For this reason officers need to be trained with respect to the new emerging technologies. Also, the attorneys and judges should have more knowledge about these crimes. Recent studies show that that officer in computer crime department are overworked and are stressed. Therefore they need better training to cope up with the technology. Many reports have been received about people complaining that they are getting hurtful comments from unknown individuals. For this reason new laws are being developed to prevent and challenge these crimes and attorneys and judges are being acknowledged (Raisinghani, 2004). The second forecast is the major threat to people which is the internet fraud. Large number of people will be affected by this terror in many ways such as identity theft. Identity theft can be done from a stranger or even a member of family. It is usually done for financial gain. Now days when everyone has internet at their homes people use internet to buy many products. This brings up the identity theft problem. For this reason it is necessary to notify individuals about the emerging problem (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). The third forecast is to create new laws and also to come up with new methodologies to fight these crimes, that is, people should have more education about them, how to prevent such crime and also how the investigation should be done. As very soon these crimes will occur in larger of numbers. For example: cyber stalking. It is the act of harassing people electronically through text messages, email

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman Essay Example for Free

Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman Essay This poem filled my mind with great memories snd make think of my loved ones who are now Angels. I am still feeling the connection. In my opinion, I can say that peopleare physically dead be we can keep them in our mind alive as long as we want them to be part of our lives. Father and I had different character. We had the same interest such as reading, watching news, assisting on conference-debates. We had the same taste but we were hardly shared our opinion. This was because of me, I was very shy when I was a teenager. That makes our relationship† very special† and I miss it deeply. We did many things together that help us to become good friend such as driving. When I was 19 year old, my captain taught to drive and new situations always make me bit nervous, and my first drive was no exception. Things were not quite easy for me, but my captain was very patient. This driving session brought us very close to each other because I could not avoid him like I used to do before. I had at least 6 hours a week for my driving lesson. My late father there for me every time I needed him. When I started the University, he was driving me to school like a little girl who starts a kindergarden. I was not the only child in the house but I was so special. Life then was stress free because everything has been taking care of me. My only sadness is that my son will never meet his grandfather spending time together, playing around, but I know even from Heaven he is watching over us. He is now my angel and he is very proud of me because I am following his paths.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business Essay

The Entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business Essay With the deepening of globalization, many of the research show that network become an important element for the company which want to entry into new marketing, bring a great profit. Many kinds of network are found by the researchers. Explore network is a major work for the entrepreneurs. During the entrepreneurial process, networks could be change in the different process; entrepreneurs changed the network with aim of developing the company. Base on these 3 cases, in this thesis we focus on this main question: How to change the role of entrepreneurial network during the different entrepreneurial processes and what kind of impacts will impact on the entrepreneurial process? In the first chapter, we decide to introduce background about entrepreneurial network and talk about main idea of this topic. Then find some theories to support this topic, In searching the model of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model made by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for our analyze. After then, based on the three cases, give some opinions to analyses these cases, and put forward some discussion about what kind of entrepreneurial network during the different entrepreneurial process, and to explain why this phenomenon would be exist? Finally, we can draw conclusion, different contexts of the entrepreneurial process, the company has to establish different networks. INTRODUCTION In this part, we provide background information and which field is this paper study in. In addition, it concludes what we want to answer and which method we want to use. By reading all three cases, there comes an essential idea to show that entrepreneurial network is helpful for an entrepreneur. It helps entrepreneur start them enterprise and help him to produce successful products. And entrepreneurial network is kind of special channels which new venture enterprises obtain information, resources and social support. Researcher shows that entrepreneurial network have influence the growth of the new enterprise, as well as found that is the causal relationships between entrepreneurial network and the phase of growing enterprise (Donckel Lambrechet,1996). And also by this article mentioned that the products of the enterprise want to get considerable development and innovation, It must be focus on communicating with cooperation partners, customers and suppliers. Innovation network plays a positive role in the development of new enterprise (Duchesneau Gartner, 1988). Butler and Hansen (1991) have explained that a successful enterprise needs development the importance of networking in entrepreneurial process. Accordingly, there is indeed our understanding as follow questions: (1) What entrepreneurial network is and how they operate within process in the enterprise? (2)What is the role of entrepreneurial network during the entrepreneurial process ¼Ã… ¸ The first question seems important to three cases which the enterprise established an entrepreneurial network to help to creating new products and selling well in markets, and then growing his venture. Furthermore, our group is interested in this field of the entrepreneur use different networks in different ways. By focusing each case on both the start-up and the on-going this studies tries to give an overview about entrepreneurial networks in their different phase. With the tendency of internationalization and globalization, to extend that the role of entrepreneurial network is also very significant in those develop of three firms. Those three entrepreneurs would not just only depend on themselves alone to achieve their goals. And then our group suggested that a successful entrepreneur, they need supports from external actor such as other similar functions firms, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues. Before we further analyze the role of network within entrepreneurial process. In other words, how we needs entrepreneurial network in different operating process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡ THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Entrepreneurial Network Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of entrepreneurial research, as well as the degree of raising attention to network, entrepreneurial network has become an important role in the field of business. However ¼Ã…’the researchers also admitted that theory of entrepreneurial network is still researching in this domain because it is lack of the core of the definition. Based on the existing research, follow this part with discussing different scholars from the different definition of entrepreneurial network, and then there will be a relatively systematic explanation about entrepreneurial network. Szarka (1990) divided entrepreneurial networks into three components: transaction networks, communication networks and social networks. The transaction network is defined as commercial exchange trade between other company and other organizations, and its formed by the trading partners of the firm. The transaction network is interacts with the communication network and the social networks. The communication network (Szarka 1990) describe that is the the small firm need collection of those organizations and individuals to fill up the non-trading links which inform its business activities such as consultants and banks, the local and central government and its agents or distributor. Communication content (Aldrich and Whetten 1981) describe that can be formal or informal is the passing of information one person to another.Szarka (1990) intention the social network is formed by family, friends and acquaintances. Such contacts are important because they have an impact upon the development o f their firm. However, the different identification was done by Birley (1985). He divides entrepreneurial networks into two form: formal and informal. Formal networks include relations to, for example, banks, accountants, etc. Informal network is relations with family members, friends, colleagues or employers and acquaintances or customers. Bryson et al. (1993) divided entrepreneurial networks into three categories: demand-related networks, supply-related networks, and support network. Bryson et al. (1993) have emphasized informal support networks, but not social networks. According to Bryson et al. (1993), the demand-related network comprises ties closely with clients, which aim to obtaining new business with the maintenance or establishment of contacts with clients. The second type that is the supply-related network covers network ties associated with the cooperative supply of service or product. The third considers of support networks, their function such like banks, business advisers, family and friends. Butler and Hansen (1991) identify three types of networks: social network, business focused network and inter-organizational strategic network. They suggest that at the entrepreneurial process of a business, the social network provide ideas for the entrepreneur. The business focused networks then develops gradually and is influenced by the nature of the entrepreneurs social network. The final stage, that is the ongoing phase, inter-organizational strategic networks not only reduce the firms risk of failure but also provide advantages which are not obtainable as an isolated entity. In this study, entrepreneurial networks are defined as personal relationships between an entrepreneur and his external actors (Aldrich and Zimmer 1985, Birley 1985, Johannisson 1986).The external actors (outsiders) would conclude two parts, such as individuals or organizations. If entrepreneurs want to obtain necessary resources, they should build up such network relationships (contacts). Above the scholars describe the analysis of the entrepreneurial network .We can concept that is affiliate of the multiple actors and connections superposed to become the integrity of the network in the development process of entrepreneurs or new innovation enterprise. 2.2 Different process in entrepreneurial networks The role of entrepreneurial networks in relation to new business development is a dynamic process. Importantly, networks are not static: they are dynamic (Birley and Cromie 1988, Butler and Hansen 1991). That means the phases of a business venture needs enrich their network. So the network have to be developed in different types of process, which the firm needs expanding function support and strategic change. For example, social networks are very important in the beginning of the entrepreneurial process (Birley 1985, Butler and Hansen 1991), while business networks are important in the start-up phase of a firm (Chu 1996, Greve 1995). For an on-going business firm, links with other organizations, particularly links with other firms become important because inter-organizational networks that include supporting agencies (government institutions, banks ) and other firms(large or small firms) are a way to protect information and ensure resource about exploring markets and channels for ent repreneurs. This enhances their position and allows them to compete more effectively (Aldrich, Reese, and Dubini 1989, Aldrich and Zimmer 1986). To understand networks requires an understanding of the dynamic pattern of networks. Figure 2.1 illustrates the dynamic nature of the entrepreneurial networks. However, Birley and Cromie (1988) analyze only social and professional networks during the early stages of a firm. Chu (1996) also found that by maintaining the existing networks and seeking new members, members appropriate for different phases join the network, improving the chances for the business to progress. Those three entrepreneurs in our three cases would not just only depend on themselves alone to achieve their goals. To do a successful entrepreneur, they need supports and resources from external network which could keep their companies produce the creative and attractive products, such as other similar functions firms, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues. As mentioned above, (Ostgaard and Birley1996) recently studied the effectiveness of personal networks in terms of firm performance and growth. The findings confirmed the importance of networks for firm performance and development. However, the supporting network is the most important for on-going firms. According to Curran et al. (1993) article, support networks provide advice, information, and capital to firms. However, these variables are important for researching entrepreneurial networks. Studies on Entrepreneurial network mainly based on connecting theory in network. In 1991, Butler and Hansen also evaluate a model of entrepreneurial network. They make a use of their entrepreneurial network model to research the influence of entrepreneurial opportunities, to test and use of networks in the development of establishing businesses, and to explore the process in the role of inter-organizational network, especially the process of start-up firms and on-going firms. However, entrepreneurial networking is a dynamic process. The members in networks and their roles change over time. 2.3 Model Entrepreneurial network and behavior of Entrepreneur are the typical sides of contemporary entrepreneurship research. The behavior of entrepreneur always limit to the specific network scenarios. In one aspect, entrepreneurial network influence entrepreneur. Meantime, entrepreneurs are changing the structure, function and relationship of the network. Although network researchers like Falemo (1989) found that developed networks are one important way for a manager to acquire resources to the firm, the question is how to develop such networks. Our group were interesting about the Larson Starrs Model to explain the degree of choosing network to obtain the entrepreneurial network. Larson Starrs Model is the foundation model of entrepreneurial network. Larson and Starrs (1993) stage network model of organization formation explains how exchange relationship transform from a set of relatively simple dyadic exchanges into a dense set of stable, multidimensional inter-oganizational relationships. Certain relationship are selected, added, dropped, or allowed to evolve while the entrepreneur culls and grows the range of possible critical resource providers for a new venture (Larson and Starr, 1993). In searching the model of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model made by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for us to analysis the three cases in order to find out the answer of our questions. In this model, they combined both Larson Starrs Model and Sawhney and Zabins thoughts. Not only focused on transformation process which divided into three stages such as focusing on the essential dyads, converting dyadic ties to socio-economic, Layering the exchanges (Larson and Starr (1993)), but also focused on the relational organization during running a firm.( Sawhney Zabin (2002)). Figure 2.2 Model combining relational equity (Sawhney and Zabin, 2002) and organization formation(Larson and Starr, 1993* ) (Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010)) P1. Firm owners recognize challenges (or opportunities) that transform their strategy from one of competition to cooperation with other similar businesses. P2. Resource exchange relationships are vital for development/advancement of a network. P3. Managing and maintaining a network as a viable organization requires varied and continuous member interactions and perceptions of direct business benefits derived from cooperation.(Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010)) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢ METHODS In this chapter we will conclude the research methods adapt to our study. We will provide explanation to our choices of the accepted research methods as we go along with describe as follow: This article was conducted in three independent cases of small born global companies in terms of network. The case method facilitates a deeper understanding of the context (Yin, 2003). All three companies were established around 1980 in northern part of Sweden and acquired some financial aids from Swedish Government at the initial stage of the business. In all three cases the founders started their business on their own. They started companies on the basis of their family without external person. All of the entrepreneurs in those firms had a one man show and owner, CEO, responsible for production and development. The principal data used in this article consisted of case and theory data. The case data includes the conduction of research in these areas namely internationalization, entrepreneurship, and strategy. The data was collected through snowball sampling. Potter (1996) explains the snowball method as one that begins with a purposive sample in which key informant that can provide important insights are selected. Snowball sampling can be placed within a wider set of link-tracing methodologies that seek to take advantage of the social networks of identified respondents and provide a researcher with an ever-expanding set of potential contacts (Spreen, 1992). Except the owner, managers, former employees, business partners, friends, family members, suppliers, and customers all made some contribution to the date gather. The theory data were collected through internal reports, newspaper articles, annual reports, thesis, photograph, and articles on the internet. Its a second hand data. It can enhance reliability and content validity. There are two fold of purpose for using this kind of data: firstly, to enrich the empirical case with multiple descriptions, which improve its trustworthiness and enhances content validity (Rouse and Daellenbach, 1999); secondly, to enhance reliability by triangulating the data method (Creswell, 1994). The main database we use is the google scholar. We try to find the theory and models about network. After reading the data, we find out a question we want to focus on. Next we select the model and use the model to analysis the three cases. Then we analysis and discuss the cases, we get our own conclusion and set up our own model in the ending. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £ CASES 4.1 Polaris Group Staffan Preutz, the owner of Polaris, set up his networks which help him a lot in his business when he is young. Also he tries anyway he can do to establish the network. Polaris group is privately-owned niche company that manufactures and sells rimless eyewear. From 1979 to 2007, this company has a well development. The total sales and foreign sales were increased stably. And the number of employees increased rapidly in the first 6 years, then went down, and increased again. In these years, Palaris is designing, forming, developing, and selling a wide range of rimless eyewear. Its main market is Japan and United Kingdom. In the process of establishing and developing the company, the owner of this companyStaffan Preutzs network really help it. When Preutz was 15 years old, he worked in his fathers shop. At the same time, his hometown was invaded by people from outer space. These were young boys around 20-25 years old from different parts of Europe, which were hitch hiking to North Cape in Norway. When the young Preutz was bicycling to and from his fathers shop he used to meet these hitchhikers sitting beside the roads and waiting for cars to give them a ride. Usually he stopped and tries talking to them for a while. Outside Boden, the family had an old little barn which was previously used to store food in. Preutz cleaned the both floors of this barn, furnished it with some old beds and started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers. He continued this business for five summers until he was 20 years old. During these years, he established many connections, which he still has today. In 1963, when Staffan Preutz is 22, he found an exhibition catalog with the name and addresses to ten eyewear manufacturers in Europe. His aim was to be able to learn from the manufacturers and at the same time visit his friends (from the youth hostel) in Europe. During these years, Staffan worked as an optician in his fathers shop. As one of the five members of the product council of Synsam, Staffan was responsible for negotiation and purchasing of new joint collections for the chain. In several occasions he also suggested outlines for collections exclusively made only for the Synsam chains. Consequently, he got the opportunity to travel for shorter periods to different parts of Europe. All the traveling made him able to develop a network with important players in the industry. In Staffans opinion, one of the main reasons to internationalize his business was to travel and meet new people. With visiting foreign friends, his network starts to work in the international market. Although his aim was never been solely to make money, the staff need to follow his heart and try to have fun with themselves because of the high stress. So many partners decided to leave the company. Also, Staffan has done another something which is helped to his network. He had written a letter to the Swedish King and Queen explaining that he own a small company in North and he is aware that there is an honor and great benefit if they wearing his glasses when they are going to visit the Olympics in the United States. The King and Queen thought he had nice glasses and he wanted Staffan to go to Stockholm. So, Staffan travels down to Stockholm, and together with the king and queen he designs a set of eyewear for each, which later was marketed as Royal Polaris. This behavior helps the company to enter into the international market. With the network, Staffan had run a great business. But in these years, he met a problem that together with himself, also his personal networks are getting older and older. The only country, which he feels that he still can maintain and develop his networks within, is in Japan where high age brings more respect. 4.2 Index Braille Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedt , the runner of a high quality and technically Printer company, is differ from ordinary people when he is young. He starts his company in order to help the people like his mother. Index Braille AB is a privately-owned company which manufactures and sells high quality and technically advanced Braille printers. The company was set up in 1982 by Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedt. From 1982 to 2007, the company has become well established. The sales have increased fastly from 1995. And the number of employee changed from 2 to 13. When Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedts childhood friends describe him as a man who didnt care what the others thought, but did go his own ways. He learned technology because his interest. After he graduated from university, he continued to work at the expanding university as a research assistant. As his mother was blind and used to work as administrative assistant, it is not easy for her to use the normal typewriter. In order to make it easier for her, Bjà ¶rn started to think about how to make a braillewriter. While working as research assistant at the university, he saw the chance to make the idea come true. Bjà ¶rn started to work this project, and also managed to involve his colleague Torvald Lundqvist in. In 1980, he managed to persuade one governmental agency and the university board to borrow some money for this project. After four years hard work, in 1983, the first product started to be finalized. At this time, the two partners had different opinions. Torvald thought its time to earn some money, but Bjà ¶rn thought there were still a lot of improvements. How since they need additional money, Bjà ¶rn asked Rolf à ¶sterberg to join the company. In 1984, once the product was finished and the agreement with the Norwegians was terminated, Bjà ¶rn started to look at opportunities for selling products abroad. He started his longest foreign trip ever by travelling around to different countries and demonstrating the product for these distributors. Then, Index started to get more and more orders, so Bjà ¶rn asked his closest friend, Staffan Syk to help him. After a few golden years, Index started to have major external and internal problems. Between 1984 and 1988 the firm grows from 2 persons to 12 persons, consisting of friends, wives, other family members and acquaintances. This had eventually led to the fact that Index had lost its main focus. All respondents mention these years as total chaos and anarchy. Everybody was doing what he or she believed in and there was no common focus for Index. Then in 1988, Index was divided into two different firms, Index Braille Printer Company and Polar Print AB. Staffan and his wife started Polar Print AB as an independent Swedish distributor. At the same time, Bjà ¶rn still want to sell his products aboard. After overcome the financial challenging, Bjà ¶rn started to enter world market again. This time, he already had a functioning network, so he is more specific in choosing the markets and distributors he want to deal with. This help Bjà ¶rn in expand company as he met other challenges. Also, his choice of focusing on the quality of the products first not the money helps the company development. In 1995, the company started to increase very fast. 7 years later, the sales reached 35000 SEK. Finally, as a result, he is succeeded in internationalization. 4.3 Liko AB The present owners of Liko AB( the company is still privately owned by the Liljedahl family),Gunnar and Brabro Liljedahl were founded the company in 1979. The companys name an abbreviation of Liljedahl Konstruktion AB. Liko mainly focus on development ,manufacturing, and marketing of patient lifts, but do also produce stationary lifting, mobile lifting, horizontal lifting, slings, leg extenders and other accessories for heavy lifting. Liko holds about 60 percent on the Swedish market,45 percent on the Scandinavian market. Liko is ranked the third largest company within this segment having about 20 percent of the world market share. Before he have the ability of decision maker, he spent the 13 years as an employed inventor at the regional health council, travelling with occupational therapists and physiotherapists to construct individual aids for the handicapped. Gunnar had already established a company in 1970 once he left ASEA. The reason why he had established this firm ,Liljedahl Konstruktion ,was because Gunnar had at several times continued to help ASEA with single projects as a constructor .However, in 1977 once Gunnar decided to start selling the inventions of his own. Between 1977 and 1978 the turnover of the firm increased from 0 to15000SEK. In 1977,Gunnar start to realize the large potentials in the firm and therefore he borrowed money to start the new firm Liko which is a limited firm origination from the previous firm, Liljedahl Konstruktion.It is no easy task for Gunnar to establish and develop Liko. He invested by loan on his parents house and land in a small industry building and just himself employee to produces the furniture leg extenders as well as selling very well. Thought the shed of building came to be rebuilt and extended .As Gunnar was solving disablers problems; he also got the possibility to get familiar with existing products in health care. So his new products invented for lifting the patient which make more and more people and organizations interesting through spread in the country .From now on Likos growth was tremendous. To be able to have high product quality and low sound level, Gunnar had to buy the best engines available. As he said: Competitors didnt realize the importance of having engines that are more safe, durable and silent than the ones used so far .I wanted the best which was the Swiss made engines. However ,I only needed 100 for fulfilling the order ,but I realized that I would get much better price if I bought more and therefore I gambled by buying 1000 engines from the firm which imported the engines to Sweden. I remember that the sellers at the firm I bought the engines from thought I was a crazy Norrlander since they had never sold so many at one time. I took a great risk and tied-up lots of money in these engines, but I was sure that these were the right engines to use in a sickroom at a hospital. At this time, Gunnar had started to travel around Sweden and participate in different domestic trade fairs to promote this product. When you are in a small niche market as we are ,then the market is very limited in terms of turnover ,and therefore, if you want to grow ,there is no other option than starting to export. I had the philosophy that every sale outside the province in North of Sweden was exporting since you couldnt take care of everything yourself and must rely on others .For me the Nordic countries were like a home market. It didnt matter if I was exporting to Stockholm or Norway, the distance was the same and both dialects sounded strange .Also, the intensive competition in Sweden due to the number of domestic manufacturers within this segment forced me to look at opportunities abroad. In 1986, Gunners brother as his assistance in exporting the international markets. Already the next year, the company entered the German, American, and Canadian markets .Excluding Germany, this entrance was in opposite to what the traditional stage models propose .The normal path would have been to continue the market entry to other countries in Europe before entering markets outside Europe. Interestingly, the company did enter the US market before the non-Nordic countries .A time after closing the US sales office, Liko found a well-established US distributor to promote Likos product in North America. Followed the case description, we can conclude that the network is in focuses. Every phase of entrepreneurial process, the network play an important role to develop a firm. The entrepreneurial network is the best way to unify the variety types of network and specifically analysis the entrepreneur decision what the enterprise should do in different phase of process. Consequently, we can summarize that the Likos core competence is the dynamic entrepreneurial network. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¤ DISCUSSION On account of all three cases, continued-changing network is the key point. In the start-up of the firm, family network is the core network between relatives, friends and acquaintances; during the entrepreneurial process, the network sustaining expand, concluding social network and business network. Entrepreneurs obtain the chance to cooperate with some other companies or agencies, thus, richer network is accumulated so that more and more opportunities will be found. Entrepreneurial network is the holistic network consists of entrepreneurs or start-up enterprise affiliate of multiple subjects, multiple relationship super positions during the entrepreneurial process. The research about the form of entrepreneurial network includes two aspects, the organization network (official network) and entrepreneurs personal network (informal network). Entrepreneurs with relatives, friends and individual establish network relationship is called the informal network; and financial institutions, sup pliers, customers, competitors formed networks is called the official network. In the initial stage of the entrepreneurial process, the entrepreneurs have to find opportunity and network from existing resources because of the lack of relation network, and then expand it step by step. 5.1 Startup network construction When the early network has been established, the Polaris entrepreneur was just a 15-year-old juvenile. He started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers and support map, food, bed for free to meet and talk to them and get many different cultures. Through such experiences, he established many connections, which he still has today. The previous social network has been established. Ozcan (1995) Further found that family is not only a source of employment, partnership. And the initial capital, but also affects the entrepreneurs choose the business. The social network can be divided into two parts including personal network and organizational work. As the figure 5.1 shows, in the start-up network, individual relationships are primarily concerned with business, and the blend point is less. In this stage, social network is more used than professional network. What is the most important thing is that he learned about different cultures, customs and traditions and how to deal with different natio nalities. In 1968, at the age of 27, he managed to persuade five opticians to start a new organization called the Synsam chain, and it is the largest optician chain in the Nordic countries with over 300 boutiques associated to it. The initial stage of entrepreneurial process is the most difficult because of the lack of relations, capital and resources. How can he gathered initial five opticians and had chance to develop the firm to the big one? Because he had worked as an optician in his fathers shop, so he had the chance to contact with some other opticians. This experience helps him a lot, for not only accumulated experience, also accumulated contacts. It is the social network, and contact networks are based on inter-personal relations. Without his fathers shop, there was impossible for him to organize a firm so effective and fast. The family network plays vital role in all phases whether it is in relation to the phases or in overall, and is the foundation among the other networks . The higher significance of family network cannot be easily explained only on the basis of economic factors. After being responsible for the chain, the entrepreneur would like to travel to different part of Europe to develop a network with important players in the industry. During his travelling, he tried his best to contact with customers and manufacturers,

Friday, October 25, 2019

Muzak :: Personal Narrative Papers

Muzak Ã…  .a true storyÃ…  So there I was last year, walking through the supermarket on an afternoon like any other, trying to get everything I needed: Ã…  picking over the vegetables, as out of a murky fog, I realized that my foot was tapping out a sonorous beat, apparently out of my concentration. What's more amazing, I now see, is that the lazy rhythm from my foot matches a melody which has been ringing behind my thoughts as I decided what kind of onions to buy&emdash;also without me being fully aware of it. All of a sudden, a minor physical revulsion causes me to set down my basket on the produce, my body trying to exorcise this foreign invasion. What is this thing? And that tune! It sounds like a watered-down version of Eric Clapton's acoustic "Layla", terribly deflated and played by a bunch of sixty-year-old orchestra players&emdash;I am still not too sure. But it will not seem to go awayÃ…  .the soothing sounds turn malicious as they bounce off the walls of the nutrition center, the meat department, housewares. Everyone I see is milling around like before, are they hearing what fills my ears? Is that same insidious song playi ng with their minds? Now that I focus on the music rambling from the loudspeaker in the ceiling, it appears as if they are all part of a silent movie&emdash;acting against a separate, unrelated soundtrack. When I first started exploring background music, I came to realize that the issue involves much more than those whiny songs wafting from crappy mono speakers in department stores. It stretches far beyond these simple associations, significantly affecting the changing workplace and worker control, as well as the site of consumption and consumer control. Muzak is now a tool widely used around the world&emdash;liked by most people, revered by some, and detested by others. That's Muzak, not 'muzak' It is important to understand here that Muzak is not just another term for background (or, annoying) music; it should not be confused with the numerous impostors which play in elevators and the like. It is the name of an American corporation and its sophisticated business programming . As one of its brochures explains succinctly, "The raw material of Muzak is music." And why is music unable to achieve the same results as their product? Because music is art, but Muzak it science. And when you employ the science of Muzak: in an office, workers tend to get more done, more efficiently, and felt happier.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Slip Casting/ Ceramic Sculpture

WHAT IS SLIP CASTING? Slip casting is a process of creating ceramic forms by casting liquid clay (slip) into plaster molds. This process is most useful when you want to make multiples of a form. The molds enable you to create identical copies. —————– In the classroom, slip cast multiples can be used to†¦. -create multiples of a student’s ceramic artwork (for gift giving or a new sculpture of multiples) -create identical starting forms that students will manipulate to create their own unique artwork – try out different glaze techniques on – allow experimentation without the fear of â€Å"ruining† the artwork Materials All you need for slip casting: Plaster mold, Clay slip, kiln Necessary items if you want to make your molds: five gallon bucket, plasticene ( non hardening clay), Vaseline /liquid soap, hammer , chisel/screwdriver, —– Plaster and slip are available at most ceramic supply centers. I listed some local suppliers on the resources page in this packet. Plaster comes in a couple different types. Pottery plaster is the standard and readily available at ceramic supply stores. Casting plaster is only necessary if you want to make extremely detailed pieces. I go with the cheapest and it works fine for classwork. Just as  clay comes in many forms, so does slip. The texture and chemical content of the slip dictate what type of clay body it forms. Clay slip bodies range from fine delicate porcelain to coarse strong stoneware. Your firing temperature depends on the content of your slip. For normal classroom use I use low fire white casting slip. It is available in premixed 2gallon bags from most ceramic supply stores. It usually runs about 8 dollars a bag. Four gallons is enough for a class of twelve to make at least two ten inch hollow forms. HOW EXACTLY do you CAST SLIP? First, you need a mold made of plaster. It must be plaster because the plaster absorbs the water from the slip. Fill the mold with slip. As the mold absorbs the water, the level of the slip in the mold will go down requiring you to top off the mold. You want the slip to stay level with the horizontal surface of the mold. If you want a hollow form , you have to dump out the excess slip. Watch for an eighth of an inch skin of slip to form on the edges of the piece before you dump the slip. That skin is now the wall of your hollow piece. For small pieces, it only takes about five minutes before you are able to dump out the excess slip. If you leave a mold filled with slip too long, the ceramic piece will be thick and heavy. Which doesn’t really matter, but it wastes a lot of slip. If you don't leave it in long enough, it will tear as it comes out of the mold and be useless. You can pour solid. Usually this practice is used for plates, bowls, and other utility items. To pour solid, just keep filling the mold with slip until it stops sucking up slip. [pic] HOW DO YOU get the piece OUT OF the MOLD? After you have dumped the excess slip, the mold has to sit and dry. The mold pulls the water out of the clay and dries the piece out. To speed up the drying you can use a fan, blowing across the molds, or put your molds on top of a hot kiln. The larger the piece the longer it will take to dry. If you leave a piece in the mold too long, it will dry out too much and crack. If you don't leave it in long enough, it won't come out easily and will tear. You can tell if a piece is ready to come out of the mold if it has pulled away from the sides of the mold/pour hole. When the casting is dry enough to take out, gently pull your casting, now more like leatherhard clay, out of the mold. It should release easily, if the piece is dry enough. Try to pull the piece straight out of the mold to keep from warping its shape. When the piece comes out of the mold it will be a dark gray. Once out of the mold it will continue to dry and will turn light gray. After the piece has dried to a light gray almost white, it is ready to fire in the kiln. Adapted from: http://www. rykerstudios. com/ceramics/articles/slipcasting. htm RESOURCES Casting Slip Available in Atlanta from: — Daven’s Ceramic Center http://davensceramiccenter. com/ 5076 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, GA   30341 Fax:   770-455-7012 4805. Atlanta Area   770-451-2105 [email  protected] om Casting Supplies ONLINE — Axner Ceramic Supply http://www. axner. com/axner/supplies/slip-casting. php — mold making and casting materials http://www. smooth-on. com/ How to Resources: Trouble shooting guide- http://aardvarkclay. com/pdf/technical/Basics%20of%20slip%20casting. pdf Short History of slip casting- http://www. lindawilsonceramics. co. za/3. ht ml Deflocculation of slip-(make your own)– http://ceramic-materials. com/cermat/education/213. html Videos- YouTube Video- http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8u_SABU_8d0 Advanced mold making video demos- http://www. smooth-on. com/media. php

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Film and Tragic Love Story

Last January 10, 2013, I, together with my English 211 classmates watched the Lantaw 2012 Short-film festival. It’s my first time to watch a short-film here in USM since Lantaw is a yearly activity here in our school. I was really excited to watch those 5 short-films, especially the film â€Å"Salamin† from Ateneo de Davao University, who got first place in a certain event. I also enjoyed the 4 films, namely; Surat, Kulta, Ayuda, and Incognito. In the film â€Å"Surat†, produced and directed by the 2 BSECE-A, I was really surprised because my friend, April Mae Tulang, is the lady protagonist in the film.It was a tragic love story between a teacher and a rebel. It was a nice film and story, but for me the ending is a bit predictable one, the guy died and the teacher became an old maid. Let’s go to the film â€Å"Kulta†, from 2 ABPolSci. This film is a tragic-family story. The story was based from the reality today. In the film, they were orphans, but still a happy family. Not until when the youngest of them got sick, and she really needed to get in the hospital. Because of being penniless, the oldest son took the risk of being a bomb carrier in exchange of money.It was a reality-based film. It’s just, I can’t understand what were they’re saying because there’s no subtitle in the movie. While in â€Å"Ayuda†, from 3ABEnglish, is one of the short-films that I’ve been enjoyed watching. I enjoyed this film simply because we can related based from the story! It’s a college love story. The cast of the film played each of their roles nice and easy. But we were wondering about the ending of the film. It was totally fuzzy why the guy holds a mini-knife. Will he take suicide? Or will he kill the antagonist?It’s very confusing. And the film which I mostly liked, the â€Å"Incognito†, which is from DevChem (students from Development Communications and Chemistry department) real ly amazed me. The main cast were so amazing in performing their different roles. And the ending was really unpredictable! I did not imagine that pretty lady was †¦ gay. Haha. I am very happy for the people who made this short-film. They made it really great! I was really excited in the â€Å"Salamin† by the AdDU filmmakers because Sir Lloyd said that Salamin is a must-see short-film.And I really watching the film. At first, I never imagined that it/s going to be a horror movie. Their setting was nice, the actors especially the main characters delivered well. I was having fun even though some parts of the movie surprised me, it has a good sound effects and a loud and clear voice which I understand easily. Over-all, the Lantaw short-film Festival was a success. The audiences enjoyed those 5 films being watched. Thanks for the loud Sound System that we all heard the sounds loud and clear. Ellyn Mae L. Arias

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Fast Food in the United States Essays

Fast Food in the United States Essays Fast Food in the United States Essay Fast Food in the United States Essay Fast Food in the United States Food prepared quickly for consumers is how we define fast food. Fast food restaurants main purpose is to provide food in a short amount of time for the customers. They are inexpensive, quick, and convenient. The first or the earliest fast food restaurant that had started this fast food chain is the infamous McDonalds. The first McDonalds was not how the current one is like now. It was actually a restaurant that served barbeques foods in the sass. The brothers, Dick and Maurice McDonald were the first ones to come up with the idea of eating quickly. : Therefore, they developed the idea of preparing food in a speed like way and so they changed their menus and started with hamburgers, French fries, and milkshakes. The business was successful and the brothers decided to expand their company and therefore opened their restaurants in different locations (Cannel, 2007). Although fast food is inexpensive and convenient, consuming too much of it can impact the human health and environment. McDonalds is the most popular fast food chain. Currently, every McDonald is open in every state in the U. S. Not to mention internationally too. We see McDonalds everywhere even if we go on a road-trip there will be McDonalds in the middle of nowhere. McDonalds is located in every local area for convenience. Since it is very convenient, many American consumers would drop by because it is quick and easy. Fast food chain expanded very quickly because it became high in demand because of the convenience (USDA). Thus, more and more people with busy lives start to rely on them because they are fast and ready to go. According to CBS news, in the year of 2009 Americans spend over $110 billion on fast food more than theyll spend on movies, books, magazines, etc. Very day about one quarter of the U. S. Population eats fast food. This shows that many Americans have become highly obsessed with fast foods. Since this article was published in 2009, then in 2012 Americans most likely would spend more. The price of each meal attracts consumers, making them believe that having more amount of food for that price is a great deal. Those who are in financial crisis rely on these fast food chains to survive. That is why fast food businesses like McDonalds are very successful. Their advertisement also targets children by including toy figures in the meal, which entices them to consume the eels. Im sure that many children in the U. S. Has eaten McDonalds, even I used to love eating them when I was a kid. I loved to collect the toys from happy meals, and in order to collect them I had to consume their meals. Since McDonalds attracts many children, nowadays children are having the issue of obesity. Even though McDonalds and other food chains are very convenient and inexpensive, however it can lead to other problems such as our health. Money is important in life and without money surviving in this society would be difficult, however health should be the priority in life. I believe that being healthy profits so that we can live an easier life. If something were to happen, then we would have to spend an enormous amount of money to recover our health. Therefore, staying healthy can help conserve money. Consuming fast foods frequently can affect the health of the individual. According to the National Institutes of Health, adolescents who often eat at fast-food restaurants tend to gain additional weight and have a higher chance of increasing insulin resistance. If they continue to frequent at these fast food chains then there could be a high risk of attaining type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also be the cause of heart disease (NIH). The reason why people can gain weight so easily through frequent fast food consumption is because of the calories intake. They consume more calories than they usually need per day, and whatever that is left over, the extra becomes fat especially foods that have trans fat in them. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U. S. Population that consumes fast foods which contains sodium exceeds the amount the body needs. Excessive sodium consumption increases blood pressure, which is a high possibility in getting heart diseases and strokes. CDC stated, 51% and 27% of sodium consumed came from foods obtained at fast food/pizza restaurants. People need to value their eating habits, the alternative from fast food chains to home made foods can make a great difference in life. The infamous McDonal ds food productions are similar to all of the other fast food restaurants. According to food safety magazine, McDonalds purchase their ingredients from different suppliers. They work with not Just hundreds but thousands of suppliers so that the foods would be stocked up. The meat, bread, vegetables, and packaging all have their own factories (Food Safety Magazine, 2006). Each one of them produce that certain product and McDonalds purchases it from them and puts all the ingredients together then serve it to the customers. McDonalds food production process is not simple, for example they not only have to produce the food but also test every single one of them. The McDonalds system requires constant quality checks throughout the supply chain process and proven traceability programs, at least one step back to the ingredient supplier, and in some cases, tracking all the way back to the farm. (Food safety magazine, 2006) Their suppliers re required to meet the standards of food safety so that there wouldnt be anything wrong with the product when the customers co nsume it. McDonalds was also one of the first ones to test the safety of fresh-cut produce in packages for distributing to other restaurants (FDA). They tried this so that in hope it could reduce any microbial hazards. McDonalds is the ideal role of a fast food restaurant, and many others try to follow its standards. McDonald consumption does not only affect health but it also impacts the environment. Due to McDonalds food packaging many individuals liter and that trash harms the wildlife. Since McDonalds is located everywhere in the city, state, and country the area always has McDonalds packaging remains. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), they have been trying to reduce the packaging at fast food establishments. They tried to develop this reduction program for those take out food containers, which are the largest documented contributor of trash in urban waterways that flows into SF Bay, and, with partner cities, conduct outreach at fast food establishments (EPA). This shows that McDonalds is also the other fast food chains also contribute to this. Since McDonalds has expanded and as survived for all these years that means food production factories has expanded also to keep the restaurants in stock. Which means that the cattle have increased and seizing more land for the factories. This also involves in harming the environment because that means more wastes from factories and cattle. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world. According to business week, McDonalds corporation annual earnings in 2011 are $5. 27 per share as of January 24, 2012. McDonalds corporations third quarter of 2012 revenues is about 7. 2 billion dollars, which has increased compared to before. As you can see McDonalds profits are quite a lot. By selling inexpensive food you would think that they probably wouldnt earn much, however having many customers consuming everyday in all of U. S. Is very profitable. Food Safety Magazine stated, as of 2006 including all around the world, around 13,700 restaurants served nearly 26 million customers per day. Since this article is published in 2006, that means at present, 2012 McDonalds most likely expanded their restaurants twice as much and most likely restaurants would be serving at least 26 million customers per day. With that any consumers, fast food companies especially McDonalds profit a lot. Honestly, I used to eat McDonalds at least once in every two weeks and I was under the category of overweight. I liked eating it because it was very fast and convenient especially every time I get hungry, it satisfies my hunger. However, after watching this video in middle school called Super Size Me. It changed my perspective on fast food restaurants. The video portrayed about this man who tried to eat McDonalds Food everyday for a month. He bought everything super sized and constantly consumed it for thirty days straight. You could see that he has gained a lot f weight and he Just didnt look healthy at all, but sick instead. At some times he would throw it up. This video had changed my eating habits, and I have been eating healthy. Eating healthy has energize my body and exercising is easier because eating healthier helps you lose weight. After watching this video, I have not eaten McDonalds as much. Maybe once in awhile lets say about once in six months, but my body felt great without eating fast foods. Overall, fast food companies at present are everywhere and people especially those who are not financially supported through Jobs are relying on these inexpensive foods. Foods that are able to satisfy their hunger but is unhealthy.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures

Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures Free Online Research Papers Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures I propose to my host family that they should grow in the virtue of patient tolerance, benevolent understanding, and tactful sincerity. When a student from foreign culture desires to leave his home country and travel far and wide to totally new places to continue his education, sometimes he might choose to acquire the services of a home-stay family. For most of the time you would be very lucky and find an excellent host, who would take good care of you, show you around in the city and introduce you to their cultural habits with patience, understanding and genuine sincerity. I guess I was just not so lucky. Throughout my 3 weeks stay with my last host-family, I look back now and still remember the unjust that had been brought upon me during which. From my spider-infested room to the never-once-cleaned toilet for 3 consecutive weeks, which was shared between me and my roommate each and everyday; from the numerous complains of me sleeping too late at eleven at night as oppose to eight like they do, to the stubbornness of my hostess where she insisted that she and only she could cook and that the kitchen is off-limits for us, while her cooking are sometimes highly unaccustomed to me and bordering inedible. Now that I have been asked to leave earlier this week, by far the busiest week since the start of this quarter, and had finally moved out with much hassle and difficulty, I would like to make a few modest suggestions to Mr. and Mrs. Smith personally, my last Host and Hostess that they might find useful on how to improve on their hosting skills for future references, and I have grouped them into 3 main points: To have the house rules and regulations written in black and white, and not to change them depending on their mood. So the guest would be able to know how to act accordingly. To compromise a work-sleep schedule before the student even moved in. This is an important agreement since the now-vacant room is right above the master bedroom, to which I doubt there are any full-time students who would be asleep at 8 o’clock every night, or simply becomes immobile after that time. To have more patience for the students especially when they are from other cultures, and for that they might not be as familiar with the daily routines as the students themselves would like to be. Last but not least, to try to pay more attention to general hygiene, whether preparing food or simply the hygiene of the environment around the household Of course one might yell at the top of her lungs: â€Å"If you want to live under my roof, you better obey my rules and there is not exception for that,† and kicking her oven door shut to strengthen her point. I would agree with that completely. Of course if you are a guest and is living in someone else’s home, it is only reasonable for you to obey any rules the host deems necessary. However, it is not the same thing if you failed to mention your way of doing things during the first interviews with your potential home-stay guests, while saying you would consider yourself as an â€Å"open-minded person† and â€Å"respects every student’s individuality† neighboring deception, fraud. Therefore, I propose to the Smiths that they should re-consider if their home is fit for taking in students when you expect them you pay you and anticipate nothing in return, also to observe the suggestions I made, just in case there is actually an ounce of truth genuineness in them. Research Papers on Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign CulturesStandardized TestingThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Being a Good Friend

Mean Girls Friends are very important because your life would be miserable without them. You need people to talk to sometimes. Sometimes when you’re lonely you just need a friend. Friends are there for you, they need you and you need them. Friends make your life enjoyable. Going behind someone’s back is very wrong and happens at Peters Township sometimes. It can ruin friendships if people find out about their friends doing such a thing. You can lose other friends and people may not like you if they found out what you did. When new kids come to school they don’t really fit in. We need to help them fit in and make new friends. New students usually don’t have any friends before they get to a new school. When a new student arrives we should make them feel welcome and have a day to know them. If you’re getting bullied all you have to do is bring a baseball bat to school. Then hit the people bullying you with it. They won’t bully you anymore. You could tell a teacher instead, but I support the baseball bat idea. To maintain a healthy relationship you have to be honest, respectful, and nice. If you’re not honest they can’t trust you. You have to respect them and they will respect you. If you’re not nice they won’t want to be friends with you. You need to do a lot of things to have a healthy relationship, but there easy and simple things.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Iraq and Afghanistan War and the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iraq and Afghanistan War and the US - Essay Example The war in Afghanistan is one of the major United States military offensives aimed at destroying the terrorists’ hideouts that had inflicted heavy damages on American interest around the globe. Iraq war was launched to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein accused by the government of possessing weapons of mass destruction with intention of using them to spread terror. Both wars were executed with highly sophisticated weapons that allowed the United States forces to demolish the enemy defenses with high precision aerial weaponry and at unprecedented rate. The quick demolition and annihilation of strategic enemy areas enabled subsequent entrance of the ground forces into the countries to finish off the remaining resistance (DOD, 2007). According to Anne(2004,p15), the execution of both wars heralded a new era of military tactics, which heavily relied on technologically enhanced devices in carrying out of both aerial and ground combat. This strategy was more precise, faster, an d resulted to lower number of military and civilian casualties. DOD (2007) noted that the war strategy in both wars was culmination of coordination high technology military hardware with enhanced communication devices that enabled them to strike with pinpoint precision.  

Marketing Strategies of Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut Essay

Marketing Strategies of Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut - Essay Example McDonalds is the biggest player in the industry that controls 18% of the market (King, 2013). For the previous two decades, Dominos and Pizza hut have created a reputation for excellence that has yielded respect from the customers and other industry experts. Over the past five years, Dominos and Pizza hut have obtained profits due to their marketing efforts. For the period between 2010 and 2014 Dominos profits were  £251M,  £280M,  £305M,  £399M and  £405M respectively (Market Watch, 2015). On the other hand, Pizza hut’s profits were  £400M,  £450M,  £600M,  £700M and  £760M (Novak & Creed, 2015). Notably, marketing itself is a strategy that organizations employ to communicate with the consumers to make them knowledgeable of the services and products offered (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). Marketing is particularly essential as it gives the company an edge against the rival firms (Boone & Kurtz, 2015). A marketing strategy engrosses the products offered, the pricing of such products, the promotion of the products and their distribution. This report will give the marketing milestones that Pizza hut and Dominos have achieved and the differences in their marketing strategies within the United Kingdom. Since its incorporation in 1995, Dominos has endeavored to be the world’s best pizza delivery company. The company strives to bring accessibility, pleasure and happiness to its consumers through delivering pizza at their door steps (Farrell, 2014). The company also strives to introduce products that best satisfy the needs of its customers. Though it’s an international company, the company acts locally within the UK by offering delicious local tastes. The company’s slogan such as â€Å"fun meal† has been famous among the customers. Consequently, Dominos delights in a high market share of 9% in the UK market (King, 2013). On the other hand,

Innovation & Entrepreneurship ( Market Research & Feasibility Study ) Paper

Innovation & Entrepreneurship ( Market & Feasibility Study ) - Research Paper Example The report will cover among other things the market demand for fast food in London and risks that may be encountered by investing in such a business in London. Objectives The objective of this feasibility study is to examine the suitability and riskiness of investing in a hospitality industry in London, U.K. This is because we have a great interest of establishing a fast food restaurant in London city. We strongly believe that fast food is doing so well in the city, which will enable us generate high profits in the long run. As a result, we intend to secure commercial premises along Cambridge Street, where, we believe, the business will do so well. We will conduct the feasibility study through market research involving interviews, questionnaires and direct observations. Products and services The restaurant will be serving a variety of U.K. cuisines such as burger, chips, pizza, french fries, tea, and coffee among other delicacies (Euromonitor International Par.4). Our foods will be s erved within the business premises, and customers will have a chance to have a take-way. Since the business will be located within one of the busiest streets in London, we believe that we will have many customers, both local and international tourists who visit the city and who will come to our restaurant. With the high sales expected throughout the season, we are optimistic that the business will generate high returns. In addition, we intend to offer the best-prepared cuisine in London as a whole. Market Research To understand the suitability of Cambridge Street as a good place for fast food restaurant, we conducted research through direct observations, interviews and the use of questionnaires with the residents of the London city. Findings showed that a majority of the London residents eat a lot of fast foods prepared in restaurants, as noted by Kuhn (Par.3). Findings also showed that a majority were young people between the ages of 10 to 60 years. At the same time, we found out t hat students also like eating fast foods, particularly those we intend to offer. In this regard, about 95 % of those interviewed stated that they prefer eating fast foods in restaurants because of lack of enough time to prepare food at home (Ruddick Par.6). Furthermore, they stated that fast foods are cost-effective and delicious. Others argued that eating in a restaurant also gives them opportunity to socialize with their friends and families, as noted by Boella (84). Pricing and promotion Based on the feasibility study, we discovered that our business would face stiff competition from other restaurants in this area. However, the good thing is that the closest restaurant will be within a mile from where we intend to locate the business. However, to beat the probable competition, we will carry out an intensive marketing and promotion campaign throughout London and the U.K. at large to create awareness about our company and the cuisine we offer. We also intend to ensure that we use t he latest technology to ensure high quality in the foods we serve. At the same time, we shall ensure that we maintain the highest standards of hygiene within and around our business premises. In addition, our resaurant will charge reasonable prices, which we believe, will keep our customers coming. This will

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Legal Status of Comfort Letters in South Africa Essay

Legal Status of Comfort Letters in South Africa - Essay Example According to the report in the Kleinworth Benson case, the court said that in order to determine whether the comfort letter created an enforceable obligation on the part of the maker or issuer, legal construction of the words or language used in the comfort letter should be made. If the words or language strongly suggest that the comfort letter is promissory in nature which is evident on the face of the letter itself, the maker or issuer is obliged to perform an obligation under the comfort letter. In this case, the court held that the comfort letter is not enforceable because the terms only represented it was the â€Å"practice† of the company to provide financial support and with no indication in the letter that the policy would continue in the future.From this paper it is clear that  if the maker or issuer does not intend to be binded by the comfort letter, he or she must include a disclaimer or a clear statement on the face of the letter that he or she does not intend to give rise to any legal obligation whatsoever. Otherwise, in the absence of the disclaimer, the comfort letter is intended to be legally enforceable. This view somehow was utilized by a court in deciding a case in 2002 when it held that the plaintiffs’ reliance on the comfort letters was unjustifiable because the disclaimer language expressly stated that they were ‘not to be used, circulated, quoted, or otherwise referred to for any purpose, including but not limited of the purchase or sale of securities†.

Experiences - Life's a school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experiences - Life's a school - Essay Example At this point, my true learning experience had started. As a result of this, I began to go paintballing regularly. I went so often that the workers at the course knew my name. At this stage, I was 13 years old and needed to find some employment in order to make some extra money for myself. I took a week-long training course in how to be a paintball referee. I learned how to fill up nitro tanks and handle irritated customers. The one thing that concerned me as a referee was if someone took their mask off while they were on the field. I was constantly watching players who though that their eye would win against a paintball. In fact, this happened several times. Quite often, the person who did this would apologize and promise not to do it again. Despite this, there was always someone who thought that they were too cool for everyone else. Inevitably, these kinds of people were ejected from the facility and given a time-out. It wasn’t just the offending individual who had to leave; the whole group had to go out. It was my responsibility to ensure that a group of people would enjoy themselves enough to want to come back. However, I also had to act like a professional. The month I spent there taught me more than I ever

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Innovation & Entrepreneurship ( Market Research & Feasibility Study ) Paper

Innovation & Entrepreneurship ( Market & Feasibility Study ) - Research Paper Example The report will cover among other things the market demand for fast food in London and risks that may be encountered by investing in such a business in London. Objectives The objective of this feasibility study is to examine the suitability and riskiness of investing in a hospitality industry in London, U.K. This is because we have a great interest of establishing a fast food restaurant in London city. We strongly believe that fast food is doing so well in the city, which will enable us generate high profits in the long run. As a result, we intend to secure commercial premises along Cambridge Street, where, we believe, the business will do so well. We will conduct the feasibility study through market research involving interviews, questionnaires and direct observations. Products and services The restaurant will be serving a variety of U.K. cuisines such as burger, chips, pizza, french fries, tea, and coffee among other delicacies (Euromonitor International Par.4). Our foods will be s erved within the business premises, and customers will have a chance to have a take-way. Since the business will be located within one of the busiest streets in London, we believe that we will have many customers, both local and international tourists who visit the city and who will come to our restaurant. With the high sales expected throughout the season, we are optimistic that the business will generate high returns. In addition, we intend to offer the best-prepared cuisine in London as a whole. Market Research To understand the suitability of Cambridge Street as a good place for fast food restaurant, we conducted research through direct observations, interviews and the use of questionnaires with the residents of the London city. Findings showed that a majority of the London residents eat a lot of fast foods prepared in restaurants, as noted by Kuhn (Par.3). Findings also showed that a majority were young people between the ages of 10 to 60 years. At the same time, we found out t hat students also like eating fast foods, particularly those we intend to offer. In this regard, about 95 % of those interviewed stated that they prefer eating fast foods in restaurants because of lack of enough time to prepare food at home (Ruddick Par.6). Furthermore, they stated that fast foods are cost-effective and delicious. Others argued that eating in a restaurant also gives them opportunity to socialize with their friends and families, as noted by Boella (84). Pricing and promotion Based on the feasibility study, we discovered that our business would face stiff competition from other restaurants in this area. However, the good thing is that the closest restaurant will be within a mile from where we intend to locate the business. However, to beat the probable competition, we will carry out an intensive marketing and promotion campaign throughout London and the U.K. at large to create awareness about our company and the cuisine we offer. We also intend to ensure that we use t he latest technology to ensure high quality in the foods we serve. At the same time, we shall ensure that we maintain the highest standards of hygiene within and around our business premises. In addition, our resaurant will charge reasonable prices, which we believe, will keep our customers coming. This will

Experiences - Life's a school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experiences - Life's a school - Essay Example At this point, my true learning experience had started. As a result of this, I began to go paintballing regularly. I went so often that the workers at the course knew my name. At this stage, I was 13 years old and needed to find some employment in order to make some extra money for myself. I took a week-long training course in how to be a paintball referee. I learned how to fill up nitro tanks and handle irritated customers. The one thing that concerned me as a referee was if someone took their mask off while they were on the field. I was constantly watching players who though that their eye would win against a paintball. In fact, this happened several times. Quite often, the person who did this would apologize and promise not to do it again. Despite this, there was always someone who thought that they were too cool for everyone else. Inevitably, these kinds of people were ejected from the facility and given a time-out. It wasn’t just the offending individual who had to leave; the whole group had to go out. It was my responsibility to ensure that a group of people would enjoy themselves enough to want to come back. However, I also had to act like a professional. The month I spent there taught me more than I ever

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay Example for Free

Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay The two poems, Robert Herrick’s To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time and Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress, both employ the â€Å"carpe diem† (seize the day) theme. Using both stock and original imageries, they effectively send the message across the reader that Time runs and keeps running so that one should enjoy the pleasures of love and romance while in one’s youth. However, the manners in which the two poets express this theme differ from each other. The tone, metaphors and other poetic devices present in the two poems convey varied effects to the mind of the readers as to how the carpe diem theme should be considered. Herrick’s poem is the simpler and more urgent of the two. Throughout the 16 lines comprising the piece, Herrick consistently paints through his metaphors the image of impending death and loss thus creating the sense of urgency in favor of his cause, which is for the virgins, to whom he is addressing the poem, to get married while they are young. The images of â€Å"Old Time†¦a-flying (line 2) followed by a â€Å"flower (that) smiles today/ Tomorrow will be dying (lines 3-4)† both allude to the temporariness of beauty and youth. In contrast, To His Coy Mistress is a more complex way of expounding the theme. While Marvell also exhorts the woman, by whom the poem is being addressed to, to hurry and seize the available opportunities while she is still young, there is a tone of hopefulness and optimism accompanying the sense of urgency. The poet begins by presenting hyperboles as to how he would like his love to be—growing through time, from â€Å"ten years before the Flood†¦Till the conversion of the Jews (lines 8 and 10). He would like to leisurely enjoy the romantic experience, spending â€Å"An hundred years†¦to praise/ Thine eyes†¦Two hundred to adore each breast,/ But thirty thousand to the rest (lines 13-16). † He states that the reason for this is that his lover â€Å"deserve this state/ Nor would I love at lower rate (lines 19-20). † Only in the second stanza does Marvell present the carpe diem case by presenting a similar personification of Time present in Herrick’s poem. In Marvell’s Time rides a â€Å"winged chariot hurrying near (line 22). † He follows this with frightening imageries of death such as how, if the woman keeps resisting, in the end â€Å"worms shall try/ That long preserved virginity (lines 27-28). † This sudden shift from beautiful romantic metaphors in the first stanza to the images of death in the second stanza actually makes the theme more effective and urgent to the reader. The shock element of death makes the young reader consider the theme and really hurry to enjoy love’s pleasures while it is too late. Finally, while Herrick’s poem suggests that life and love is only worth it â€Å"when youth and blood are warmer/ But being spent, the worse (lines 10-11)†, suggesting that everything is downhill after youth, Marvell thinks that love is a consolation for humans against the ravages of Time. The final lines, â€Å"Though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run (lines 45-46)†, suggest that although death is inevitable, loving is a way by which we can forget thinking about old age and death. Carpe diem poems all seek to send the same message to the reader: to grab the opportunities present in youth for once these are gone, they can never be reclaimed nor repeated. Herrick and Marvell both wrote poems to illustrate this point using varied metaphors like the personification of Time rushing by, the rising and dying of the Sun and other temporal objects like flowers and birds. Herrick’s poem is the classic carpe diem poem, urging the reader to enjoy youth and make much of it because everything is temporary, while Marvell incorporates an additional point about how seizing love during one’s youth is a way to distract one from thinking about how temporary youth is in one’s life.

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview Another type of malware that is not technically a virus because there is usually no auto-replication is a Trojan horse program, which seems to be something useful, as a free utility, but actually contains some kind of malware. The unhappy about a Trojan program that is running the software users willingly and still do not know what is causing problems on their systems. Rootkits are a form of Trojan horse programs that can monitor the traffic from a computer, monitor keystrokes and capturing passwords. Are the most modern backdoor on one system and are between the most insidious Trojan horse software because they can mask that the system has been compromised by changing the file system and drivers needed for the normal operation of the computer. Viruses A virus is a program that spreads, replicating it in other programs or documents. Its only purpose is to interrupt the operation of your computer or network by deleting or corrupting files, disk formatting or by using large quantities of computer resources. Viruses and worms that spread through e-mail attachments were common place for years. They are simple to avoid; just dont open any attachments from emails sent by someone who you arent expecting a message. Even if you know the sender, careful; malware programs may use address book from an e-mail program to send messages, causing you to believe that the message is safe. In fact, most virus scanners detect a virus or worm contained in an e-mail message and often excludes the annex before it ever reaches your Inbox, but if the virus is very new, it cannot be detected. Worm A worm is similar to a virus that replicates automatically, but a worm does not attach to another program; indeed, it is a standalone program. Worms are now more common than viruses, because with the Internet and network connectivity, worms in general do not need help to spread. Whereas a virus requires a user to run the program that contains the virus to operate and then copy this file to spread a worm can do their work without any help and can propagate through a network connection available. Some insidious actions that a worm can commit include using the network bandwidth, deleting files, send e-mails and creating backdoors in computers. NETWORK SECURITY POLICY Without a security policy, the availability of your network can be compromised. The policy begins with the assessment of risk to network and build a team to respond. Continuation of the policy requires the practical implementation of change management and monitoring of network security for breaches of security. Finally, the review process modifies the existing policy and adapts the lessons learned. The last area of responsibility is the answer. While often network monitoring identifies a security violation, the security team members that are the real solution and fixing of such violation. Each Member of the security team should know in detail the security features provided by the equipment in its operational area. While we define the responsibilities of the team as a whole, you must define the individual roles and responsibilities of the security team members in your security policy. Approving Security Changes Security changes are defined as changes to network equipment that can have an impact on overall network security. Your security policy must identify the requirements of specific security configuration in non-technical terms. In other words, instead of setting a requirement as no outside sources FTP connections will be allowed through the firewall, set the requirement as outside connections should not be able to retrieve files from inside the network. You need to define a unique set of requirements for your organization. The security team should review the list of simple language requirements to identify issues of design requirements or specific network configuration. After the team created the network configuration changes necessary to implement the security policy, you can apply these possible future configuration changes. Although it is possible for the security team review all changes, this process enables them to only review the changes that risk sufficient to justify special treatment. We recommend that the security team to review the following types of changes: Any change in the firewall configuration. Any amendment (ACL) of access control lists. Any changes to the configuration of the simple network management protocol (SNMP). Any change or update software that differs from the list of approved software revision. We recommend that you also meet the following guidelines: Change passwords for network devices on a routine basis. To restrict access to network devices to a list of approved personnel. Ensure that the current revision levels of environments software network servers and equipment are in accordance with the security configuration requirements. Monitoring Security of Your Network Security monitoring is similar for network monitoring, except focuses on the detection of network changes that indicate a security breach. The starting point for security monitoring is to determine what constitutes a violation. Conduct a risk analysis, we identify the level of monitoring required based on the threat to the system. By adopting security changes, we identify specific threats to the network. Looking at both of these parameters, I will develop a clear picture of what you need to monitor and frequency. In risk analysis matrix, the firewall is considered a high-risk network, indicating that he should follow. In approving security changes section, youll find that you must monitor for changes to the firewall. This means that the SNMP polling agent should monitor things such as failed login attempts, unusual traffic, changes to the firewall, access granted to the firewall and configuration of connections through the firewall. Following this example, create a monitoring policy to each area identified in your risk analysis. We recommend that the equipment of low risk, medium risk equipment weekly and daily monitoring equipment high-risk per hour. If you need more rapid detection, monitor in a short time interval. Finally, your security policy should address how to notify the security team of security breaches. Often, your network monitoring software will be the first to discover the breach. It should trigger a notification to the operations centre, which in turn shall notify the security team using a pager number, if necessary.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychoanalytic conditions, stages and symptoms pervade the seemingly simplistic narration of a child-narrator, Huck Finn. Such Freudian psychoanalytic ideas as "Thanatos," "repressed desires" and how they seek their way back through dream work, through "parapraxis," can all find examples in this fiction. Besides, Lacanian concept of the unconscious as the "nucleus of our being," as "an orderly network," as well as his famous theory the "mirror stage" can be applied to this novel as a whole as well. Lacan states that the unconscious, the "kernel of our being," is "an orderly network," like the structure of a language (Barry 111-113); this statement can be found true in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." In this particular picaresque of Huck*s adventures, episodes are ostensibly unrelated to each other just as most picaresque novels are. Huck Finn, however, in the unconscious of the text, follows a family pattern in which families come eventually to destruction. First take Huck*s six major lies for example. When Huck is in disguise, seeking information from Mrs. Loftus, he pretends to be a girl, Sarah Williams, whose mother is ill, and thus is on her way to get her uncle to come to help. Later, when his lie is discovered, he again invents a family in which both of his parents are dead and he is now a renegade apprentice. Next, in order to save the gang on the Walter Scott from drowning, Huck makes up a whole family including pap, mam, sis, and Uncle Hornbeck. Again, another fa mily with pap, mam, and Mary Ann is invented in order to save Jim from slavery. And when with Grangerfords, Huck identifies himself with George Jackson and tells of the decline of a relatively ... ...erefore explicates his final decision, justifies the ending of the novel. Works Cited Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995. Baym, Nina, et al., ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 4th ed. New York: Norton, 1994. Bradley, Sculley et al., ed. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: an Annotated Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Essays in Criticism. New York : Norton, 1962. Eliot, T. S. "Mark Twain*s Masterpiece." Huck Finn among the Critics: a Centennial Selection. Ed. M. Thomas Inge. Frederick, Md. : University Publications of America, 1985. Green, Keith, and Jill LeBihan. Critical Theory and Practice: a Coursebook. London: Routledge, 1996. Solomon, Eric. "The Search for Security." Bradley 436-443. Stone, Jr. Albert E. "Huckleberry Finn and the Modes of Escape." Bradley 444- 448.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Essay --

First, a bit of background on the inventor and his innovation. Thomas Davenport lived in Vermont in the 19th century as a blacksmith and shop owner. During the early 1830s, Davenport heard about an interesting invention, and travelled to see Joseph Henry’s electromagnet. The magnet was used in an ironworks to separate different types and purities of iron, but was considered inefficient and was more of an interesting contraption than a useful device. By studying the electromagnet, Davenport figured out how to build his own electromagnet. He also made a few changes and came up with something of his own design.â€Å"He mounted two electromagnets to a pivot, and two others on fixed poles. He than used a battery attached by a commutator (a switching device) to supply current to the system. When he threw the switch the device rotated and thus created the "first" electric motor.†(http://edisontechcenter.org/DavenportThomas.html) Davenport had created a battery-powered electric motor, powerful enough to operate some the of the equipment he used in his blacksmith shop. He also believed in the motor’s ability to power locomotives, and built a small electric circular track with electricity-conducting rails and a small battery in the center to power the model train that was on the track to demonstrate its ability. He found the motor had many applications as a power source. He used his electric motor to power a printing press (which he then used to publish a journal about electromagnetism), a small electric car that was one of the first of its kind, and an electric powered piano. Davenport’s motor was unable to be profitable, however. â€Å"No one knew how to predict the amount of energy in chemical batteries, and a battery-powered motor could not compe... ... What they had previously were horses, which were inefficient and time-consuming in comparison. Streetcars were a valuable form of local transportation at the time and are used in some places even today. Davenport’s electric car could also be the prototype for modern electric cars today. The main difference is that his car was on a track. Until then, not many people had considered electricity’s use as a power source for vehicles. Thanks to Davenport’s invention, inventors and scientists could speculate on it’s use and efficiency as a motor for transportation that could be available to the public. The most difficult part of such a task would be how to power the vehicle. The advances and new technology after Davenport were able to take advantage of his motor and the knowledge it gave them, and people were able to create a power source that was practical and efficient.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Dupont Case Study Essay

Tom Harris is the General Manager of Dupont, which is the major employer in their community. Big changes had taken place when the Orlon plant had closed down, but few changes had taken place. Projects such as getting rid of one operation and installing another was being seen as regular business so there was no change management rubric. GM Harris went to the University of Virginia seeking advice from the academic community to bring some of the latest thinking in business to the Dupont plant. He specifically wanted to introduce his managers to new ideas and how to apply those ideas to improving to the plant. He stated he was not looking to improve overall organization effectiveness. He stated he was under increasing pressure to do more with less. A general bulletin was sent out to all employees stating the work culture that would be built. It stated that a representative from University of Virginia would be spending time at the plant and had been asked to give new perspectives on the work being done and the organization as whole. The hope was that it would help develop people and continually improve production. The most important goal was to help the staff appreciate and develop what goes right, assist in building on the strengths and to make the plant work better for everyone. It was also made clear that the representatives presense was not to suggest there was a particular problem, and the result is due to the plants desire to continuously improve. Over a six month time period interviews were conducted with workers and managers. Time was spent in the workplace and the representative learned about the day to day activities at the plant. This produced a description of the shared stock of knowledge that organizational members used to interpret events and generate behavior. What was made explicit with that process was the local widely used everyday common sense model performance unique to the plant and it’s atmosphere. A part of the culture that came out of this fact finding was that the local model of teamwork was organized around a southern stock-car racing metaphor. It was used to explain teamwork and the pattern for accomplishing it. Everyone knew the metaphor, so it was understood. The General Manager and the other managers were surprised to learn of the NASCAR metaphor, but it explained why they had not recognized existing teamwork in the workplace for they had different language used for teamwork. This metaphor gave them a language to introduce change for improvement. It also illuminated of the local meaning of effective supervision, high performance, and what constituted a good day at the plant with making improvements. Managers were instructed to use the findings of the study. It was felt the new understanding could be used to interpret the local meaning of effective work to capitalize on strengths, to expand and develop existing good practices. This would also help to problem solve. It was found too that the findings of the study could also be used as a basis for experiements. There existed a Leadership Core Team who were instructed to introduce change as an experiment. It was to be explained that it was to be tried and watched closely, and if after a designated time it was not working as planned, it can be stopped.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Art essay Essay

Does art imitate life – or is it the other way around? Traditionally, we have believed that art imitates life. The painter represents what he or she sees by producing a scene on a canvas. The sculptor does the same with bronze or stone. A photographer or film maker does it even more directly. A writer describes life in his or her books. This simple concept is known as mimesis. But some have questioned the one-way nature of mimesis by arguing that art also changes the way we view the world, and in fact, life sometimes imitates art rather than the other way around. The person who first articulated this belief effectively was Oscar Wilde. Speaking about the foggy conditions in London in the late 19th century, he wrote that the way we perceive them changed because of art. Referring to the â€Å"wonderful brown fogs that come creeping down our streets, blurring the gas lamps and turning houses into shadows† he argued that â€Å"poets and painters have taught [people] the loveliness of such effects†. According to Wilde, â€Å"They did not exist till Art had invented them. † [pic] And you don’t have to look too far to see anti-mimesis in our lives. To what extent is our outlook on life altered by ideas we read in books? The portrayal of people in films? The styles we see in fashion photography? One great example of this is the TV series The Sopranos, and how it affected both the Mafia in the USA and the FBI. Art’s influence on society: propaganda and censorship Throughout history, it has always been the case that art has the power to change society, especially when new media are used to express an idea. During the First World War, for example, movie cameras were used for the first time to record trench warfare – when the film was shown in cinemas in Britain, audiences ran out screaming. This led to the government censoring further such use of such a powerful medium. And in government censorship, and use of art as propaganda, we see how seriously governments take the effect of art. All of the major dictators of the C20th understood the power of art to influence the population. In Nazi Germany, Hitler set up the Ministry of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was headed by Goebbels, who made sure that nothing was published, performed, or exhibited without his approval. [pic]When this happens, you know there isn’t going to be a happy ending And what Goebbels approved, of course, only fit in with Nazi ideology and ideas. In terms of art, this meant no modern and abstract art, certainly nothing hostile to the regime, and nothing that featured images other than the stereotypical blonde-haired, blue eyed set in idyllic pastoral scenes of blissful happiness. [pic] [pic] In Stalinist Russia, there was also a keen understanding of the power of art. Art portrayed contented peasants, industrious workers, and Stalin himself. In fact, Stalin was shown god-like in many paintings, a phenomenon known as the Cult of Stalin. Just as in Germany, gigantic architectural projects expressed the power of the state. [pic] [pic] However, there is no doubt that in Russia there were greater artistic achievements than in Nazi Germany. Composers worked with fewer hindrances – as seen in the works by Prokoviev and Shostakovich, and film-makers such as Eisenstein emerged. Art’s influence on society: the trial of Lady Chatterley’s Lover But even under less oppressive governments, the artistic expression of certain ideas can be subject to control. One great example is the book ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ by DH Lawrence, which was deemed offensive on many levels. In this book, Constance Reid, a woman from a progressive liberal middle class family marries a minor member of the aristocracy, Lord Clifford Chatterley, and takes the title ‘Lady Chatterley’. But her husband is injured in the First World War, confined to a wheelchair, and left impotent. Despite this, he becomes a successful writer and businessman. It is more his obsession with financial success and fame rather than any physical difficulties which come between him and his wife, and she begins an affair with their gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors. The largely aristocratic ‘establishment’ of Britain at the time – the book was published in Italy in 1928 – were shocked by many aspects of the book. First, there was the fact that the book was ‘obscene’, in the way it went into explicit detail the affair that took place (see below). Second, there was the fact that a women was breaking her marriage vows, something considered far worse than a man behaving in the same way. Finally, it represented an intimate relationship between a member of the ‘lower’ classes (although it emerges during the story that Mellors is actually well-educated, and became an officer in the army during the First World War) and the ‘upper’ classes, a concept that was totally taboo in Britain at that time. The book was duly banned. [pic] But the book was republished by Penguin books in 1960. The attorney general, Reginald Manningham-Buller (dubbed ‘Bullying-Manners’ by the journalist and author Bernard Levin) had to read only four chapters to decide to prosecute Penguin books for publishing it. What annoyed him was not just the content, but the fact that the price of the book meant it was affordable to women and members of the lower classes (remember that only few women worked at this time, and husbands were generally in charge of family finances). The trial was a disaster for Manningham-Buller and the prosecution. They had failed to find any experts to support their case, in stark contrast to Penguin’s defence team, which had brought in authors, journalists, academics, and even members of the clergy to defend the book. Manningham-Buller and his team had very little idea of what Lawrence had been trying to express in his book, regularly being caught out by the superior insight of the witnesses they were trying to catch out. And although they tried to shock the jury – in his opening speech, Manningham-Buller announced: â€Å"The word ‘fuck’ or ‘fucking’ appears no less than 30 times . . . ‘Cunt’ 14 times; ‘balls’ 13 times; ‘shit’ and ‘arse’ six times apiece; ‘cock’ four times; ‘piss’ three times, and so on. † – they were unable to prove that the book would have a negative influence on the readers it was aimed at. According to the Guardian: No other jury verdict in British history has had such a deep social impact. Over the next three months Penguin sold 3m copies of the book – an example of what many years later was described as â€Å"the Spycatcher effect†, by which the attempt to suppress a book through unsuccessful litigation serves only to promote huge sales. The jury – that iconic representative of democratic society – had given its imprimatur to ending the taboo on sexual discussion in art and entertainment. Within a few years the stifling censorship of the theatre by the lord chamberlain had been abolished, and a gritty realism emerged in British cinema and drama. (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning came out at the same time as the unexpurgated Lady Chatterley, and very soon Peter Finch was commenting on Glenda Jackson’s â€Å"tired old tits† in Sunday Bloody Sunday and Ken Tynan said the first â€Å"fuck† on the BBC. ) Homosexuality was decriminalised, abortions were available on reasonable demand, and in order to obtain a divorce it was unnecessary to prove that a spouse had committed the â€Å"matrimonial crime† of adultery. Judges no longer put on black caps to sentence prisoners to hang by the neck until dead. Can we say, though, that it was art in this case that changed society, or was it an interaction between human sciences (ie, the law) and the arts (the book) that led to change? This is from the same Guardian article: †¦the message of Lady Chatterley’s Lover, half a century after the trial, is that literature in itself does no harm at all. The damage that gets attributed to books – and to plays and movies and cartoons – is caused by the actions of people who try to suppress them. See: â€Å"The trial of Lady Chatterley’s Lover† The effect of art: presentation [pic] What other piece of art has profoundly changed the way we view the world? And was it the art that did it, or the way it was used that made the impact? Use the link below to help you introduce to us an influential piece of art. Think about the type of change it wrought, for example, ethical, social, metaphysical, etc.